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| National |
| Question and answer with Vera Chirwa,Question and answer with Vera Chirwa |
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by
Liz Banda,Liz Banda, 01 January 2004
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16:38:14
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How did you feel to be voted Woman of the Year?
Well, I was a bit surprised because there was one woman who was described to me by someone, an elderly lady who is working very hard in rural areas — I think in Thyolo or somewhere there — who I thought would win the award. But it was a good surprise. It shows that you have done something which the nation appreciates. It gives you delight and also encouragement. That’s how I felt.
I would like to know more about your life, especially about your experience in exile
It’s now that you are coming to ask me about it. No one in Malawi has come to ask me how I came to be found in exile but outside the country people have written about me. They have taken all my story out but I am glad that Malawians are now coming up. Now, I am frequently getting stories from my fellow Malawians.
I am one of the very few people now living who have gone through the Nyasaland African Congress, then Malawi Congress Party and this period of multiparty politics.
Why were you in exile?
I was studying law in England. I had just finished first year. There were independence celebrations here so my husband [Orton Chirwa] said since I had contributed a lot to the country through the League of Malawi Women, It was necessary that I attended the celebrations. As you know, independence was short lived. I think it only lasted for three months.
Then Dr. [Kamuzu] Banda and his government wanted to confiscate my passport so that I could not go back to England for my studies but my husband took me by road to Lusaka where I took a flight to England. Things were bad but I later heard that my husband was in exile in Zambia in 1964. In fact, there were two attempts on his life by Dr. Banda.
First of all, they burnt his car at Thondwe in Zomba. Later on, they also wanted to kill him and after these two attempts, he decided to leave the country. He left with his friend Yatuta Chisiza. They wanted to go with Masauko Chipembere as well but he said he was safe. I think he felt safe that time but later on he too had to run away because they wanted to kill him.
My husband wrote me while in exile that he had to leave because he felt that the environment was not good. That time the whole country was supporting these people — these ex-ministers — and Banda had to use violence and that’s why people later on supported him [Dr. Banda]
Dr. Banda sent Youth League to our village to kill children we had left with our parents. They went there and raided the village but before they did that, the police were kind enough to warn the old people of the intention of the Youth League. The elders hid the children in the bush so the Youth League just set fire on the village — houses, cattle and everything were destroyed. But my husband learned about this so he went to collect the children from the border. When I concluded master of laws and barrister at law studies, I think in 1967, I joined my family in Tanzania — my husband briefly stayed in Zambia then moved on to Tanzania.
I did my education under very difficult situations because I had already had my children. I went to school after I had helped to obtain self rule in Nyasaland in 1963. I had done my Bar Part I here so when I went to England, I had to do my bar by correspondence. During the day, I would go to the university to attend lectures and at night, I would read at home. My husband ordered lectures for me from one of the correspondence colleges.
The final bar exams were in May 1966 while the LLB exams were in June. I sat for both of them and passed with credits. So I had to do my LLM for one year. In between, during recess, I did a postgraduate diploma in International Law.
After school, I went to Tanzania. The attorney general gave me a job at his chambers. I was the first woman barrister in East, Central and Southern Africa. It was news, especially after I passed well. They wrote my story in Drum magazine [of South Africa]. And since I was the first woman prosecutor, I made a name for myself.
After sometime, I was seconded to East African Community consisting of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. They made me a lawyer in charge in Tanzania. But as foreigners, our children suffered in that they were not allowed to go to good schools. Although president [Julius} Nyerere’s policies demanded that refugees be treated as citizens, the implementors did not follow them, especially when it came to the issue of rights and responsibilities.
Because of that, my husband and I made a painful decision to part for the sake of the children. I applied for a post in the attorney general’s chambers and also as a lecturer at the University of Zambia. I got both jobs but I chose to teach because I was tired of prosecuting people. I was never comfortable when someone was sentenced to death.
I was the first woman lecturer. But before this, we, Malawians in exile, found out that people were still being persecuted at home so we formed an underground movement called Malawi Freedom Movement (Mafremo). My husband was the president and I was treasurer. Later on, I left for Zambia and our children were put in school. But we were later on kidnapped into the country.
What happened?
It’s a long story. There was a convention of Mafremo in Tanzania. Malawians who were members of Mafremo came from Zambia, America and Europe and converged in Mbeya to attend this convention. They did not know that Dr. Banda had sent his own people to the convention. In fact, my husband did not know about this until he died.
I knew about it later when I was running the Legal Resource Centre after 1993. We, at the centre, had decided to document all the stories of those people who had run away, were oppressed or had lost relatives during Dr. Banda’s rule. We were getting letters from all over the place. We got one letter from the North where a man explained how his father was taken away by ‘these’ people. In fact, the man wanted to know where his father was.
In his letter, he mentioned a name of a person he said was a soldier or a policeman called Mwanankhu. He was one of those people who the government of Banda was sending out to deal with Dr. Banda’s opponents. Mwanankhu attended the Mafremo convention. I met Mwanankhu later on when my husband were scheduled to address a meeting at the border of Zambia and Malawi.
At that time, I had just returned from England where I was in hospital. The doctor told me that I was not fit to report for work so I decided to go and rest in Tanzania and stay with my husband. When I was returning for work in Zambia, that is when my husband was supposed to address the meeting at the border.
He adjourned all his cases at High Court and Magistrates’ Court. Unfortunately, the plane was full so we had to go by bus. The good buses were also full. And since he was going to the border of Zambia and Malawi to address this meeting, he asked me to join him. But the trip took more than a week.
When we arrived in Mchinji, we met the people who had been organising the meeting at the border. That’s when I was introduced to Mwanankhu and others. We were going to his farm, along the Zambia and Malawi border, where the meeting was taking place. I and our son Fumbani accompanied my husband to the meeting.
We, together with our visitors, left at night. But while on the way, the driver stopped at some point. We thought he was relieving himself but suddenly someone opened the door and we were told to go into another vehicle that was waiting for us. In the other vehicle, we stopped somewhere and that was the end of our journey. We saw people coming in and opening the door.
They passed me and hit my husband. They stole all my things — my hat, bangles and my hand was fractured in the process. I was lifted and made to lie down and someone hit me on my stomach. Blood oozed from my wound. I was blindfolded and my hands were tied. We were brought to Malawi. I didn’t know where my husband was. I was beaten heavily by the people, who were speaking Chinyanja. Somebody suggested they rape me and I started praying. I tell you, prayer is good. I told God to protect me and he did. I was taken to what they called Kanengo and I was put in a small room where I was searched. I was sick and was given medical attention.
Where were your husband and son?
They were there but I didn’t know until in the morning when we were brought outside. We were in chains. That’s when I saw my husband and son. My husband looked pathetic.
We stayed there for close to three months and then we were taken to a prison where we stayed for one night. Later, we were moved to Zomba Prison.
In fact, while in Zomba, some officers told us that Dr. Banda had discovered that we were not coming to Malawi to kill him so they decided to take us back to Lusaka or Dar-es-salaam. They also told us that the president was getting embarrassed because he was receiving appeals from Amnesty International and elsewhere asking him to either try or release us but there were some people in the high ranks who were afraid of my husband. They feared that if my husband was released, Malawians would support him because they loved him. He ran the MCP very well. He formed and established it. When Dr. Banda came from abroad he found the party was well established.
When we were convicted and taken to Zomba Prisons, my husband told me that we had to forgive all the people who hurt us, including Dr. Banda himself. And when I came out of the prison —12 years later — I was interviewed by a journalist called Veronica Edwards and I told her that I had indeed forgiven “all of them”.
When did you start your work in prisons?
When I was put in prison, I was alarmed to see the conditions of the prisons. When I came out of prison in 1993, I made arrangements with officers in charge for me to visit the prisons. And when I formed Malawi Carer in 1994, I asked the Penal Reform International to help us with funds to visit prisons. And the first time the organisation visited the prisons was in 1995. We bought food, soap and other items for the women and children in prisons. We also brought them clothes and wrappers.
We had made many visits to prisons when we discovered that the sanitation was bad, especially at juvenile section. Prisoners were suffering from scabies. We asked for money from Penal Reform International and we bought medicine and also improved on sanitation. The adult section too had scabies and we also distributed medicines to the prisoners. And from that time, I have been making regular visits to prisons, especially the one in Zomba.
Perhaps, the top thing you are doing now is that you are a Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention Centres in Africa for the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights, can you explain your work?
I was elected into the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights in 2000. The commission consists of 11 people from more than 11 states belonging to the African Unity (AU), formerly known as the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The organisation discovered that it could not on its own enforce human rights issues. So the commission was formed to ensure that human rights issues were promoted and protected and at the same time, it was supposed to hear cases of human rights in Africa.
We have a mechanism of enforcing human rights. And there is a special rapporteur of human rights. I was elected Special Rapporteur of Prisons and Conditions of Detention Centres. My duty is to see to it that minimum international standards of prisons are enforced.
To do that, I visit prisons, inspect and examine prisoners and staff who tell me their problems. I sit down with prisoners in private and they tell me their problems. I examine selected representatives of prisoners in camera. We also have public meetings.
I encourage prisoners to do the best they can to solve some of the problems they have. For example, I encourage them to clean their premises and cook for themselves.
After my visit, I go to the officers in charge of the prisons to make recommendations on the spot on what can be done to solve problems facing the prisons. Afterwards, I make a report with recommendations and send them back to the country in question to make their comments. Then we send the report to the AU and donors.
And because of my work in prisons, I have come to realise that the situation in many prisons in African countries is bad not because of cruelty but due to lack of funds. African countries opt to concentrate on other priority areas like education and health other than prisons.
How do you assess the situation in African prisons?
Many countries couldn’t provide better food both in quantity and quality in prisons but now they are improving. We encourage prisoners to grow their staple food such as cassava and maize which they can eat or sell. We also encourage prisoners in life skills such as weaving baskets and raring chickens.
You have been a prisoner yourself, how do you compare our prisons with others in Africa?
The situation used to be very bad but there is an improvement. At first, Malawi was really lagging behind but now its coming up. Each time I go to prisons, I see some improvement. Although, there are still many problems, its better than before. Prisons themselves are willing to improve their standards.
And I would like to commend President Bakili Muluzi because he is approachable. He has visited the prisons and donated blankets to the prisoners.
It is my only hope that government should increase budget for prisons. Prisoners should eat well, have good beddings and toilets.
What would you like to achieve as a rapporteur of prisons?
My aim is to standardise the prison conditions and see to it that minimum international standards are attained by all countries. As of now, things are different. Some countries wear uniform while others don’t. And some prisoners are confined while others aren’t. I would like to ensure that basic rights are enjoyed by all prisoners.
Do you have special programmes for prisons?
We have been encouraging prisons to be self sufficient to improve their diet and save a little for the future. For example, in other countries, prisoners do things like carpentry. They sell the products, put them into the prisoners’ accounts for future use.
We are also encouraging prisons to have schools to teach those who want education.
We also want to ensure that each and every prison in Africa has a doctor who can train other prisoners to help each other.
We also intend to encourage exchange programmes of prisoners locally for them to learn from each other. Later, we want exchange programmes for prisoners across the continent. It will help them to learn from each other. We also want religious groups to visit the prisoners.
Do you think issues of human rights have improved in the country?
Of course, issues of human rights have improved, especially after the introduction of multiparty politics. People were having a tough time during Dr. Banda’s rule. Now, other evils are coming in. Corruption is worse. It is everywhere, including in hospitals.
Those in high ranks are involved in the practice. Violence against women and even the little ones is rampant. But what people fail to understand is that human rights have obligations too.
You formed Malawi Carer, has it been successful?
It has been very successful. We were the first local NGO in Malawi to have branches including headquarters. Our aim is to cover the whole country but the problem is we don’t have enough funds. But Usaid has given us funds to open six more district offices. If we do well, it will give us more money to extend to other districts. Womens Voice, which I also formed, is doing well.
As an association, Womens Voice acts as a forum where women can discuss their problems, affairs and solve them.
What do you consider is your greatest achievement?
Maybe you can tell me. The way we brought up our family is what I consider my greatest achievement. We have disciplined children, they make mistakes but we have tried to bring them up well.
I am also proud that while most parents in the 50s and 60s never gave their children native names because the missionaries encouraged us to use Christian names, we insisted to give our children native names — Nyamazao, Fumbani, Nkhondo and Zengani. One daughter is called Virginia. And because of us, some people started giving their children native names.
I am also the coordinator of World Wide 1000 Peace Women project which aims at honouring women who are doing unique work in different countries but are not recognised with nobel prizes. The list goes on.,How did you feel to be voted Woman of the Year?
Well, I was a bit surprised because there was one woman who was described to me by someone, an elderly lady who is working very hard in rural areas — I think in Thyolo or somewhere there — who I thought would win the award. But it was a good surprise. It shows that you have done something which the nation appreciates. It gives you delight and also encouragement. That’s how I felt.
I would like to know more about your life, especially about your experience in exile
It’s now that you are coming to ask me about it. No one in Malawi has come to ask me how I came to be found in exile but outside the country people have written about me. They have taken all my story out but I am glad that Malawians are now coming up. Now, I am frequently getting stories from my fellow Malawians.
I am one of the very few people now living who have gone through the Nyasaland African Congress, then Malawi Congress Party and this period of multiparty politics.
Why were you in exile?
I was studying law in England. I had just finished first year. There were independence celebrations here so my husband [Orton Chirwa] said since I had contributed a lot to the country through the League of Malawi Women, It was necessary that I attended the celebrations. As you know, independence was short lived. I think it only lasted for three months.
Then Dr. [Kamuzu] Banda and his government wanted to confiscate my passport so that I could not go back to England for my studies but my husband took me by road to Lusaka where I took a flight to England. Things were bad but I later heard that my husband was in exile in Zambia in 1964. In fact, there were two attempts on his life by Dr. Banda.
First of all, they burnt his car at Thondwe in Zomba. Later on, they also wanted to kill him and after these two attempts, he decided to leave the country. He left with his friend Yatuta Chisiza. They wanted to go with Masauko Chipembere as well but he said he was safe. I think he felt safe that time but later on he too had to run away because they wanted to kill him.
My husband wrote me while in exile that he had to leave because he felt that the environment was not good. That time the whole country was supporting these people — these ex-ministers — and Banda had to use violence and that’s why people later on supported him [Dr. Banda]
Dr. Banda sent Youth League to our village to kill children we had left with our parents. They went there and raided the village but before they did that, the police were kind enough to warn the old people of the intention of the Youth League. The elders hid the children in the bush so the Youth League just set fire on the village — houses, cattle and everything were destroyed. But my husband learned about this so he went to collect the children from the border. When I concluded master of laws and barrister at law studies, I think in 1967, I joined my family in Tanzania — my husband briefly stayed in Zambia then moved on to Tanzania.
I did my education under very difficult situations because I had already had my children. I went to school after I had helped to obtain self rule in Nyasaland in 1963. I had done my Bar Part I here so when I went to England, I had to do my bar by correspondence. During the day, I would go to the university to attend lectures and at night, I would read at home. My husband ordered lectures for me from one of the correspondence colleges.
The final bar exams were in May 1966 while the LLB exams were in June. I sat for both of them and passed with credits. So I had to do my LLM for one year. In between, during recess, I did a postgraduate diploma in International Law.
After school, I went to Tanzania. The attorney general gave me a job at his chambers. I was the first woman barrister in East, Central and Southern Africa. It was news, especially after I passed well. They wrote my story in Drum magazine [of South Africa]. And since I was the first woman prosecutor, I made a name for myself.
After sometime, I was seconded to East African Community consisting of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. They made me a lawyer in charge in Tanzania. But as foreigners, our children suffered in that they were not allowed to go to good schools. Although president [Julius} Nyerere’s policies demanded that refugees be treated as citizens, the implementors did not follow them, especially when it came to the issue of rights and responsibilities.
Because of that, my husband and I made a painful decision to part for the sake of the children. I applied for a post in the attorney general’s chambers and also as a lecturer at the University of Zambia. I got both jobs but I chose to teach because I was tired of prosecuting people. I was never comfortable when someone was sentenced to death.
I was the first woman lecturer. But before this, we, Malawians in exile, found out that people were still being persecuted at home so we formed an underground movement called Malawi Freedom Movement (Mafremo). My husband was the president and I was treasurer. Later on, I left for Zambia and our children were put in school. But we were later on kidnapped into the country.
What happened?
It’s a long story. There was a convention of Mafremo in Tanzania. Malawians who were members of Mafremo came from Zambia, America and Europe and converged in Mbeya to attend this convention. They did not know that Dr. Banda had sent his own people to the convention. In fact, my husband did not know about this until he died.
I knew about it later when I was running the Legal Resource Centre after 1993. We, at the centre, had decided to document all the stories of those people who had run away, were oppressed or had lost relatives during Dr. Banda’s rule. We were getting letters from all over the place. We got one letter from the North where a man explained how his father was taken away by ‘these’ people. In fact, the man wanted to know where his father was.
In his letter, he mentioned a name of a person he said was a soldier or a policeman called Mwanankhu. He was one of those people who the government of Banda was sending out to deal with Dr. Banda’s opponents. Mwanankhu attended the Mafremo convention. I met Mwanankhu later on when my husband were scheduled to address a meeting at the border of Zambia and Malawi.
At that time, I had just returned from England where I was in hospital. The doctor told me that I was not fit to report for work so I decided to go and rest in Tanzania and stay with my husband. When I was returning for work in Zambia, that is when my husband was supposed to address the meeting at the border.
He adjourned all his cases at High Court and Magistrates’ Court. Unfortunately, the plane was full so we had to go by bus. The good buses were also full. And since he was going to the border of Zambia and Malawi to address this meeting, he asked me to join him. But the trip took more than a week.
When we arrived in Mchinji, we met the people who had been organising the meeting at the border. That’s when I was introduced to Mwanankhu and others. We were going to his farm, along the Zambia and Malawi border, where the meeting was taking place. I and our son Fumbani accompanied my husband to the meeting.
We, together with our visitors, left at night. But while on the way, the driver stopped at some point. We thought he was relieving himself but suddenly someone opened the door and we were told to go into another vehicle that was waiting for us. In the other vehicle, we stopped somewhere and that was the end of our journey. We saw people coming in and opening the door.
They passed me and hit my husband. They stole all my things — my hat, bangles and my hand was fractured in the process. I was lifted and made to lie down and someone hit me on my stomach. Blood oozed from my wound. I was blindfolded and my hands were tied. We were brought to Malawi. I didn’t know where my husband was. I was beaten heavily by the people, who were speaking Chinyanja. Somebody suggested they rape me and I started praying. I tell you, prayer is good. I told God to protect me and he did. I was taken to what they called Kanengo and I was put in a small room where I was searched. I was sick and was given medical attention.
Where were your husband and son?
They were there but I didn’t know until in the morning when we were brought outside. We were in chains. That’s when I saw my husband and son. My husband looked pathetic.
We stayed there for close to three months and then we were taken to a prison where we stayed for one night. Later, we were moved to Zomba Prison.
In fact, while in Zomba, some officers told us that Dr. Banda had discovered that we were not coming to Malawi to kill him so they decided to take us back to Lusaka or Dar-es-salaam. They also told us that the president was getting embarrassed because he was receiving appeals from Amnesty International and elsewhere asking him to either try or release us but there were some people in the high ranks who were afraid of my husband. They feared that if my husband was released, Malawians would support him because they loved him. He ran the MCP very well. He formed and established it. When Dr. Banda came from abroad he found the party was well established.
When we were convicted and taken to Zomba Prisons, my husband told me that we had to forgive all the people who hurt us, including Dr. Banda himself. And when I came out of the prison —12 years later — I was interviewed by a journalist called Veronica Edwards and I told her that I had indeed forgiven “all of them”.
When did you start your work in prisons?
When I was put in prison, I was alarmed to see the conditions of the prisons. When I came out of prison in 1993, I made arrangements with officers in charge for me to visit the prisons. And when I formed Malawi Carer in 1994, I asked the Penal Reform International to help us with funds to visit prisons. And the first time the organisation visited the prisons was in 1995. We bought food, soap and other items for the women and children in prisons. We also brought them clothes and wrappers.
We had made many visits to prisons when we discovered that the sanitation was bad, especially at juvenile section. Prisoners were suffering from scabies. We asked for money from Penal Reform International and we bought medicine and also improved on sanitation. The adult section too had scabies and we also distributed medicines to the prisoners. And from that time, I have been making regular visits to prisons, especially the one in Zomba.
Perhaps, the top thing you are doing now is that you are a Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention Centres in Africa for the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights, can you explain your work?
I was elected into the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights in 2000. The commission consists of 11 people from more than 11 states belonging to the African Unity (AU), formerly known as the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The organisation discovered that it could not on its own enforce human rights issues. So the commission was formed to ensure that human rights issues were promoted and protected and at the same time, it was supposed to hear cases of human rights in Africa.
We have a mechanism of enforcing human rights. And there is a special rapporteur of human rights. I was elected Special Rapporteur of Prisons and Conditions of Detention Centres. My duty is to see to it that minimum international standards of prisons are enforced.
To do that, I visit prisons, inspect and examine prisoners and staff who tell me their problems. I sit down with prisoners in private and they tell me their problems. I examine selected representatives of prisoners in camera. We also have public meetings.
I encourage prisoners to do the best they can to solve some of the problems they have. For example, I encourage them to clean their premises and cook for themselves.
After my visit, I go to the officers in charge of the prisons to make recommendations on the spot on what can be done to solve problems facing the prisons. Afterwards, I make a report with recommendations and send them back to the country in question to make their comments. Then we send the report to the AU and donors.
And because of my work in prisons, I have come to realise that the situation in many prisons in African countries is bad not because of cruelty but due to lack of funds. African countries opt to concentrate on other priority areas like education and health other than prisons.
How do you assess the situation in African prisons?
Many countries couldn’t provide better food both in quantity and quality in prisons but now they are improving. We encourage prisoners to grow their staple food such as cassava and maize which they can eat or sell. We also encourage prisoners in life skills such as weaving baskets and raring chickens.
You have been a prisoner yourself, how do you compare our prisons with others in Africa?
The situation used to be very bad but there is an improvement. At first, Malawi was really lagging behind but now its coming up. Each time I go to prisons, I see some improvement. Although, there are still many problems, its better than before. Prisons themselves are willing to improve their standards.
And I would like to commend President Bakili Muluzi because he is approachable. He has visited the prisons and donated blankets to the prisoners.
It is my only hope that government should increase budget for prisons. Prisoners should eat well, have good beddings and toilets.
What would you like to achieve as a rapporteur of prisons?
My aim is to standardise the prison conditions and see to it that minimum international standards are attained by all countries. As of now, things are different. Some countries wear uniform while others don’t. And some prisoners are confined while others aren’t. I would like to ensure that basic rights are enjoyed by all prisoners.
Do you have special programmes for prisons?
We have been encouraging prisons to be self sufficient to improve their diet and save a little for the future. For example, in other countries, prisoners do things like carpentry. They sell the products, put them into the prisoners’ accounts for future use.
We are also encouraging prisons to have schools to teach those who want education.
We also want to ensure that each and every prison in Africa has a doctor who can train other prisoners to help each other.
We also intend to encourage exchange programmes of prisoners locally for them to learn from each other. Later, we want exchange programmes for prisoners across the continent. It will help them to learn from each other. We also want religious groups to visit the prisoners.
Do you think issues of human rights have improved in the country?
Of course, issues of human rights have improved, especially after the introduction of multiparty politics. People were having a tough time during Dr. Banda’s rule. Now, other evils are coming in. Corruption is worse. It is everywhere, including in hospitals.
Those in high ranks are involved in the practice. Violence against women and even the little ones is rampant. But what people fail to understand is that human rights have obligations too.
You formed Malawi Carer, has it been successful?
It has been very successful. We were the first local NGO in Malawi to have branches including headquarters. Our aim is to cover the whole country but the problem is we don’t have enough funds. But Usaid has given us funds to open six more district offices. If we do well, it will give us more money to extend to other districts. Womens Voice, which I also formed, is doing well.
As an association, Womens Voice acts as a forum where women can discuss their problems, affairs and solve them.
What do you consider is your greatest achievement?
Maybe you can tell me. The way we brought up our family is what I consider my greatest achievement. We have disciplined children, they make mistakes but we have tried to bring them up well.
I am also proud that while most parents in the 50s and 60s never gave their children native names because the missionaries encouraged us to use Christian names, we insisted to give our children native names — Nyamazao, Fumbani, Nkhondo and Zengani. One daughter is called Virginia. And because of us, some people started giving their children native names.
I am also the coordinator of World Wide 1000 Peace Women project which aims at honouring women who are doing unique work in different countries but are not recognised with nobel prizes. The list goes on. |
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